2024年5月8日，新加坡內政部長尚穆根先生在國會發布新加坡國家禁毒政策的部長聲明，聲明主要涵蓋四個方面，本文重點闡述新加坡的毒品形勢以及新加坡的禁毒政策。

以下內容為新加坡眼根據國會英文資料翻譯整理：

說了這麼多，現在讓我來談談新加坡的情況以及我們面臨的毒品貿易威脅。

新加坡是本地區毒品的主要目標，毒品正大量湧入這個地區。儘管我們受到嚴厲的懲罰，但一些販毒者還是會鋌而走險，因為他們可以從中牟利。新加坡的街頭毒品價格遠高於本地區的許多其他地方。我們的購買力要高得多，我們的國內生產總值 (GDP) 高得多，我們的財富也要高得多，所以，這是顯而易見的。

移民與關卡局 (ICA) 和中央肅毒局 (CNB) 曾在關卡的滅火器、家具甚至水果中發現了毒品。人們想出了許多創新的毒品偷運方式。去年，中央肅毒局繳獲了價值約 1500 萬美元的毒品，搗毀了 25 個販毒集團。被捕的吸毒者人數比上一年增加了 10%，而吸食古柯鹼者的數量達到了 10 年來的最高水平。

心理衛生學院（Institute of Mental Health）於 2022 年進行的「健康與生活方式」調查顯示，新加坡非法吸毒的平均發病年齡為 15.9 歲，這是一個中四學生的年齡。各位議員可以看到，其他國家面臨的問題，我們也不能倖免。

現在讓我談談我們管制毒品的方法。我們採取循證藥物管制方法。2019 年，我們改變了政策，重點幫助純粹吸毒者。如果他們只是吸毒，沒有犯下其他罪行，他們就會被引導接受治療，不會留下犯罪記錄。

干預措施以吸毒者的風險狀況為基礎。例如，低風險、首次吸毒的成年吸毒者通常會在社區接受諮詢，並定期進行尿液或頭髮檢測。這樣既能儘量減少對他們日常生活的干擾，同時確保他們的成癮問題得到解決。

除了強制監管期之外，新加坡監獄管理局 (SPS) 還繼續與新加坡黃絲帶 (YRSG) 及其社區夥伴合作，幫助吸毒者。例如，新加坡黃絲帶協助刑滿釋放人員進行職業指導和就業安置。

這些努力取得了一些成果。從 1993 年到 2021 年，我國從戒毒中心 (DRC) 釋放的兩年再犯率下降了兩倍半以上，從 73% 降至 27.7%。

戒掉毒癮、重獲新生的例子不勝枚舉。例如，Francis How先生，他中學輟學，12歲時加入了街頭幫派。為了滿足吸毒癮，他參與了毒品和其他犯罪活動，包括入室行竊和賭博。到32歲時，他已經在監獄服刑近11年，這幾乎是他成年後的整個人生。但後來，他決定放棄毒品和犯罪。他現年50歲，已婚，有4個孩子。他經營著自己的造船廠修理業務，已經戒毒17年多了。

戒毒之路並不容易。它充滿挑戰。它需要許多幫助。我們不僅應該認可戒毒者戒毒的努力，還應該向支持他們戒毒的家人致敬。

今天，我們邀請了幾位戒毒者和他們的家人來到公眾席。總共有 120 人。他們向我們展示，戒除毒癮和過上充實人生是可能的。請各位議員和我一起向他們致敬！[掌聲]

在幫助吸毒者的同時，我們對販毒者採取嚴厲的態度。我們對那些為了錢而毀掉他人生命的人零容忍。販賣特定數量毒品的人將被處以死刑。例如，販賣15克純海洛因的人將面臨死刑，這足以讓大約180名吸毒者吸食一周。證據清楚地表明，死刑是一種有效的威懾手段。1990 年，我們對販賣超過1.2公斤古柯鹼的人處以死刑。在隨後的四年里，販賣的古柯鹼平均凈重減少了 66%。

2021 年在該地區部分地區進行了一項研究。我們是基於證據的，因此我讓我的部門從許多毒販來自的地區進行一次調查，看看這些地區的民眾對我們的刑罰有何看法，我們的刑罰是否具有足夠的威懾力。因為處理毒品問題要從供需兩方面入手。新加坡的需求--通過公眾教育管制措施、積極的宣傳、解釋毒品的危害；供應--通過控制流入的毒品數量和使用威懾手段。

因此，我們在許多毒販來自的地區進行了一項有科學依據的統計研究。結果顯示，87%的受訪者，即十分之九的受訪者認為，死刑可以阻止人們將大量毒品販運到新加坡；83%的受訪者，即十分之八的受訪者認為，死刑比終身監禁更能有效阻止毒品販運；86%的受訪者認為，死刑可以遏制新加坡的嚴重犯罪。

這意味著，當毒梟四處招募人員進入新加坡時，人們會非常小心。許多人會拒絕，如果他們真的受到誘惑，他們可能會說，「好吧，我只會販賣低於一定數量的毒品」。因此，販賣大量毒品到新加坡變得更加困難。

那些建議用終身監禁代替死刑的人應該看看這些數字。這兩種懲罰的威懾作用非常不同。

對於我們——議員、決策者、部長——來說，決定將死刑作為法律懲罰的一部分並不容易。但證據表明，為了保護我們的人民，防止成千上萬的家庭被摧毀，防止成千上萬的人喪生。這就是我們保留死刑的原因。

各位成員必須明白，這無異於一場戰爭。我說我們正在打一場戰爭，之所以用這個比喻，是因為受害者和生命損失的規模如此之大。本地區的其他國家也用戰爭來比喻，並引起了不同的反應。但大家知道，在新加坡，我們以逮捕販毒者、根據國會通過的法律處理有關案件為基礎，並在這一框架內打毒品戰。

在美國，每 14 個月，死於濫用芬太尼的美國人比美國自第二次世界大戰以來從韓戰到阿富汗戰爭的所有戰爭中死亡人數的總和還要多。事實上，美國男性的預期壽命下降有兩個原因：一是槍擊、兇殺案數量增加：二是毒品和阿片類藥物濫用。2021 年，世界衛生組織報告稱，2019 年有 60 萬人死於藥物濫用。這是同年因槍擊造成的死亡人數的兩倍多。

未完待续,请点击[下一页]继续阅读

{nextpage}

據《世界毒品報告》估計，同年，因吸毒導致殘疾和過早死亡，有3100 萬年的「健康」壽命被剝奪。這些不僅僅是統計數據。他們是父親、母親、兄弟、姐妹、兒子和女兒的生命。這就是為什麼我用戰爭來比喻。我說的是一場針對那些以成千上萬無辜生命為代價從毒品貿易中獲利的人的戰爭。

要從戰爭的角度談這個問題，請允許我引用伯特蘭·羅素在第二次世界大戰中提出的一個觀點。他在 1943 年的論文《和平主義的未來》中指出，「如果要防止戰爭，就必須明確表達出為某些目的而參戰的意願」。換句話說，如果你想要和平，你就必須做好為和平而戰的準備。

我認為，這同樣適用于禁毒戰爭。在這場戰爭中，我們必須做出決定：我們是否要服軟，冒著像我前面提到的那些國家的風險？我們是否要成為一個「毒品國家」，或一個「臭名昭著的棕色城鎮」，或成為毒品和暴力的溫床？

人們可能會說：沒有人要求你心慈手軟。請施行非常嚴厲的懲罰，只是不要判處死刑。我已經說過，死刑與其他刑罰的威懾效果明顯不同。

根據證據，我的觀點是，如果取消死刑，販毒活動將大幅增加。將會出現更多的搶劫、入室盜竊等案件，因為吸毒者需要錢來購買毒品。證據表明，性侵犯和兇殺案也會增加，肯定會有更多的人死在新加坡。這就是為什麼我們採取嚴厲的措施，我們的嚴厲措施挽救了成千上萬人的生命。

20世紀90年代，中央肅毒局每年逮捕約6，000名吸毒者。現在，這個數字幾乎減少了一半。中央肅毒局現在每年逮捕約3，000名吸毒者。在其他條件都相同的情況下，新加坡的吸毒者數量在過去 30 年裡應該有所上升。本地區的毒品供應已經爆炸性增長。我們的購買力大幅提高。6,000 人這個數字應該增加兩到三倍，因為應該有更多的人吸毒。但這個數字反而下降了。

僅憑這一點，我就可以說，我們挽救了成千上萬潛在吸毒者的生命，也挽救了他們的家人，使他們免受因家中一人吸毒而造成的嚴重後果。正如我們在其他國家所看到的那樣，後果可能是：兇殺、暴力、分手、兒童的不良結局。在許多地方，這種情況是相當悲慘的。我們避免了這種情況。

這是我們新加坡正在進行的一場戰爭，如果我們不打這場戰爭，或者我們輸掉這場戰爭，那麼新加坡成千上萬的人將會受害。因此，每一個要求我們放鬆毒品管制或取消死刑的人，實際上都是在為一個不同的新加坡鼓與呼--在那裡，會有更多的人死去；會有更多的兒童受到影響；會有更多不利的結果，尤其是對低收入群體而言。

以下是英文質詢內容：

With that, let me now turn to the situation in Singapore and the threat we face here from the drug trade. We are a big target for drugs that this region is being flooded with. Despite our stiff penalties, some traffickers try their luck because of the profits they can earn. The street price for drugs is much higher in Singapore than many other parts in this region. Our purchasing power is much higher, our gross domestic product (GDP) is much higher, our wealth is much higher, so, it is obvious.

The Immigration and Checkpoints Authority (ICA) and Central Narcotics Bureau (CNB) have found drugs at the borders in fire extinguishers, furniture, even fruits. People find many innovative ways of trying to smuggle in. Last year, CNB seized about $15 million worth of drugs and dismantled 25 drug syndicates. The number of drug abusers arrested increased by 10% from the previous year, while the number of cannabis abusers reached a 10-year high.

The Health and Lifestyle survey conducted by the Institute of Mental Health in 2022 showed that the mean onset age of illicit drug consumption in Singapore is 15.9 years old. This is the age of a Secondary 4 student. Members can see that we are not exempt from the problems that other countries face.

Let me now turn to our approach to drug control. We take an evidence-based approach towards drug control. In 2019, we changed our policy to focus on helping persons who are pure drug abusers. If they only abuse drugs and have not committed other offences, they are channelled to receive treatment and do not get a criminal record.

未完待续,请点击[下一页]继续阅读

{nextpage}

The interventions are based on the risk profile of the abuser. For example, low-risk, first-time adult drug abusers will generally undergo counselling in the community, together with regular urine or hair testing. This minimises disruption to their daily lives while ensuring that their addiction issues are addressed.

Beyond the mandated supervision period, the Singapore Prison Service (SPS) continues to work with Yellow Ribbon Singapore (YRSG) and its community partners, to help the drug abusers. For example, YRSG assists ex-inmates with career coaching and job placement.

These efforts have produced some results. From 1993 to 2021, our two-year recidivism rate for those released from drug rehabilitation centre (DRC) decreased by more than two and a half times, from 73% to 27.7%.

There are many examples of ex-drug abusers who have kicked their habit, leading new lives. For example, Francis How. He dropped out of secondary school, joined a street gang at the age of 12. He was involved in drugs and other crimes, including housebreaking and gambling, to feed his drug addiction. By the age of 32, he had already served close to 11 years behind bars, almost all his adult life. But then, he decided to turn his back on drugs and crime. He is now 50 years old, married with four children. He runs his own shipyard repair business. He has stayed clean for more than 17 years.

The journey to recovery is not easy. It is challenging. It requires many helping hands. We should recognise not just the efforts of the ex-abusers to stay drug-free but also pay tribute to their families who support them in their journey.

Today, we have invited several ex-abusers and their families to join us in the Public Gallery. All in, about 120 of them. They show that it is possible to quit drugs and to live a fulfilling life. I ask Members to join me in recognising them. [Applause.]

While we seek to help abusers, we take a tough approach against drug traffickers. We have zero tolerance for those who destroy the lives of others for money. The death penalty is imposed on persons who traffic specified amounts. For example, a person who traffics 15 grammes of pure heroin, which is enough to feed the addiction of about 180 abusers for a week, will face capital punishment. The evidence shows clearly that the death penalty has been an effective deterrent. In 1990, we introduced the death penalty for trafficking more than 1.2 kilogrammes of opium. In the four years that followed, there was a 66% reduction in the average net weight of opium trafficked.

A 2021 study was conducted in parts of the region. We are evidence-based so I told my Ministry let us do a survey from the regions where many of our drug traffickers come from, to see what the population in those areas think about our penalties and are our penalties sufficient deterrent. Because you deal with the drug situation by dealing with both supply and demand. Demand in Singapore – through public education, through control measures, through active campaigning, explaining the dangers of drugs; supply – by controlling the amount of drugs that come in and through the use of deterrents.

未完待续,请点击[下一页]继续阅读

{nextpage}

So, we did a statistically, scientifically valid study in the parts from which many of our drug traffickers come from. It showed that 87% of those surveyed, this is nine out of 10, believed that the death penalty deters people from trafficking substantial amounts of drugs into Singapore; 83%, this is eight out of 10, believed that the death penalty is more effective than life imprisonment in deterring drug trafficking; and 86% believed that the death penalty deters serious crimes in Singapore.

The implications are when the drug barons go around trying to recruit people to come into Singapore, people will be very careful. Many would say no and if they do get tempted, they might say, "Well, I will only traffic drugs below a certain threshold amount". So, it makes it much more difficult to traffic substantial amounts into Singapore.

Those who suggest that the death penalty can be replaced by life imprisonment should look at these figures. The deterrent effects of the two penalties are very different.

It is not easy for us – Members, policy-makers, Ministers – to decide to have capital punishment as part of the penalties in law. But the evidence shows that it is necessary to protect our people, prevent the destruction of thousands of families and prevent the loss of thousands of lives. That is why we maintain the death penalty.

Members have to understand – this is nothing short of a war. I say that we are fighting a war and using that analogy, because that is the scale in terms of victims and lost lives. Others in this region have used the analogy of war and that has drawn different sorts of responses. But people know here in Singapore we go on the basis of apprehending the traffickers, dealing with the situations in accordance with laws passed by Parliament and we fight the drug war within that framework.

In the US, every 14 months, more Americans die from abusing fentanyl than from all of America's wars combined since the Second World War, from Korea to Afghanistan, every 14 months. In fact, the life expectancy of male Americans has come down for two reasons. One, the number of shootings, homicides. And second, drugs, opioid abuse. In 2021, the World Health Organization reported 600,000 deaths in 2019 which was attributable to drug abuse. That is more than twice the number of deaths caused by firearms in the same year.

The World Drug Report estimates that in the same year, 31 million years of "healthy" life were lost due to disability and premature deaths as a result of drug use. These are not just statistics. They are lives of fathers, mothers, brothers, sisters, sons and daughters. That is why I use the analogy of war. I am talking about a war against those who profit off the drug trade at the expense of hundreds of thousands of innocent lives.

未完待续,请点击[下一页]继续阅读

{nextpage}

To put it in the context of fighting a war, let me refer to a point that Bertrand Russell made referencing the Second World War. He pointed out in his 1943 essay titled, "The Future of Pacifism", that "if war is to be prevented, there must be a clearly expressed willingness to go to war for certain ends". In other words, if you want peace, you have to be prepared to fight for it.

I would argue the same applies to the war against drugs. In this war, we will have to decide: do we want to go soft and risk ending up like the countries I have spoken about earlier? Do we want to become a "narco-state", or an "infamous brown town", or a hotbed for drugs and violence?

People may say: no one is asking you to go soft. Impose very tough penalties. Just do not impose the death penalty. And I have said, there is a clear difference between the deterrence effects of the death penalty as opposed to other punishments.

My view, based on the evidence, you remove the death penalty, drug trafficking will go up significantly. There will be more robberies, house breakings and so on, because drug abusers will need money to buy drugs. Evidence shows there will also be more sexual assaults, more homicides and definitely many more people will die in Singapore. That is why we take a strict approach, and our strict approach has saved thousands of lives.

In the 1990s, CNB arrested about 6,000 drug abusers per year. That number has now come down by almost half. CNB now arrests about 3,000 drug abusers per year. All things being equal, the number of drug abusers in Singapore should have gone up in the last 30 years. The supply of drugs in the region has exploded. Our purchasing power has increased significantly. That figure of 6,000 should be two, three times more because more people should be consuming drugs. But instead, the number has gone down.

By that alone, I say we have saved the lives of thousands of potential abusers and we have saved the lives of their families from the consequences of one person in the family taking drugs. Consequences can be, as we see from other countries: homicide, violence, break-ups, poorer outcomes for children. It is a pretty sad situation in many places. We have avoided it.

This is the war that we are fighting in Singapore and if we do not fight it or if we lose it, then thousands in Singapore will suffer. So, everyone who is asking us to go soft on drugs or remove the death penalty, is in fact advocating for a different Singapore – where there will be more people dying; there will be more children affected; there will be more unfavourable outcomes, particularly on people of lower incomes.

HQ丨編輯

TH丨編審

新加坡國會丨來源